Watch it - Sampling

This video really helps you understand better and 

this works best for people who likes to watch rather than read.

Summary - Sampling

Based on the reading, there are seven types of sampling that be used for research purpose depending on our research questions and outcomes. I will briefly explain all the seven types.

Random sampling

It is the simplest form of probability sampling. Each member of the population has an equal and known chance of being selected. When there are very large populations, it is often difficult or impossible to identify every member of the population, so the pool of available subjects becomes biased.

Systematic sampling

It is also called an Nth name selection technique. After the required sample size has been calculated, every Nth record is selected from a list of population members. As long as the list does not contain any hidden order, this sampling method is as good as the random sampling method. Its only advantage over the random sampling technique is simplicity. Systematic sampling is frequently used to select a specified number of records from a computer file.

Stratified sampling

It is commonly used probability method that is better to random sampling because it reduces sampling error. Examples of stratums might be males and females, or managers and non-managers. Random sampling is then used to select a sufficient number of subjects from each division. “Sufficient” refers to a sample size large enough for us to be reasonably confident that the division represents the population. Stratified sampling is often used when one or more of the division in the population has a low incidence relative to the other division.

Convenience sampling

It is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth. As the name implies, the sample is selected because they are convenient. This non probability method is often used during preliminary research efforts to get a gross estimate of the results, without incurring the cost or time required to select a random sample.

Judgment sampling

It is a common non probability method. The researcher selects the sample based on judgment. This is usually an extension of convenience sampling. For example, a researcher may decide to draw the entire sample from one “representative” city, even though the population includes all cities. When using this method, the researcher must be confident that the chosen sample is truly representative of the entire population.

Quota sampling

It is the non probability equivalent of stratified sampling. Like stratified sampling, the researcher first identifies the division and their proportions as they are represented in the population. Then convenience or judgment sampling is used to select the required number of subjects from each division. This differs from stratified sampling, where the divisions are filled by random sampling.

Snowball sampling

It is a special non probability method used when the desired sample characteristics are rare. It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in these situations. Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects. While this technique can dramatically lower search costs, it comes at the expense of introducing bias because the technique itself reduces the likelihood that the sample will represent a good cross section from the population.

I did further reading on this topic at this webpage. It elaborates and exemplifies with better examples and description.

Have a good weekend everyone!

Let it out!

Summary - Quantitative and Qualitative Research.

Quantitative research

* involves systematic approach which uses mathematical figures.

* is to develop mathematical models, theories and / or hypothesis.

* used to gather data that involve numbers and anything that is measurable.Graphs, tables are often used to show the results of these methods.

Qualitative research

* does not involves calculation like quantitative approach.

* focused more on gathering in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasoning that govern such behavior.

*may use many approaches in collecting data such as grounded theory practice, story telling, classical ethnography, narratology or shadowing.

*Data are collected through semi structured interviews, structured interviews, unstructured interviews, reflective journals, observation, analysis of documents and materials and field notes.

Here’s a more detailed point-by-point comparison between the two types of research:

1. Goal or Aim of the Research

The primary aim of a Qualitative Research is to provide a complete, detailed description of the research topic. Quantitative Research on the other hand focuses more in counting and classifying features and constructing statistical models and figures to explain what is observed.

2. Usage

Qualitative Research is ideal for earlier phases of research projects while for the latter part of the research project, Quantitative Research is highly recommended. Quantitative Research provides the researcher a clearer picture of what to expect in his research compared to Qualitative Research.

3. Data Gathering Instrument

The researcher serves as the primary data gathering instrument in Qualitative Research. Here, the researcher employs various data-gathering strategies, depending upon the thrust or approach of his research. Examples of data-gathering strategies used in Qualitative Research are individual in-depth interviews, structured and non-structured interviews, focus groups, narratives, content or documentary analysis, participant observation and archival research.

On the other hand, Quantitative Research makes use of tools such as questionnaires, surveys and other equipment to collect numerical or measurable data.

4. Type of Data

The presentation of data in a Qualitative Research is in the form of words (from interviews) and images (videos) or objects (such as artifacts). If you are conducting a Qualitative Research what will most likely appear in your discussion are figures in the form of graphs. However, if you are conducting a Quantitative Research, what will most likely appear in your discussion are tables containing data in the form of numbers and statistics.

5. Approach

Qualitative Research is primarily subjective in approach as it seeks to understand human behavior and reasons that govern such behavior. Researchers have the tendency to become subjectively immersed in the subject matter in this type of research method.

In Quantitative Research, researchers tend to remain objectively separated from the subject matter. This is because Quantitative Research is objective in approach in the sense that it only seeks precise measurements and analysis of target concepts to answer his inquiry.

DETERMINING WHICH METHOD SHOULD BE USED

Debates have been ongoing, tackling which method is better than the other. The reason why this remains unresolved until now is that, each has its own strengths and weaknesses which actually vary depending upon the topic the researcher wants to discuss. This then leads us to the question “Which method should be used?”

The goals of each of the two methods have already been discussed above. Therefore, if your study aims to find out the answer to an inquiry through numerical evidence, then you should make use of the Quantitative Research. However, if in your study you wish to explain further why this particular event happened, or why this particular phenomenon is the case, then you should make use of Qualitative Research.

Some studies make use of both quantitative and qualitativerResearch, letting the two complement each other. If your study aims to find out, for example, what the dominant human behavior is towards a particular object or event and at the same time aims to examine why this is the case, it is then ideal to make use of both methods.

Art of Teaching.

Teaching is like making an art. You will need to plan your work, whether you want to draw an animal, scenery or just about anything ( lesson plan - teaching listening and speaking, writing or reading) and then prepare the utensils (your teaching materials). A good preparation will definitely define your outcome. Like in art, you will need to decide what medium are you using, watercolour, oil painting, pastels and that same goes with teaching because you need to make sure what learning strategy will you use in the class. Once done, you will reflect back what will you change next time to get a better result. Thats when the reflection exercise will really benefit you. And of course, like all artists out there, doing research will definitely set a bar for you and other artist. Extra effort will give u a huge difference from the novice artist. Set your sails, work for it and more and you are ready to go!

Teach for passion!

Welcome!

Welcome everyone!

This is a blog for one of my subjects TSL 702 ( Research Methodology) at UITM. It is a requirement for all masters students who are doing this subject. It works as an e-portfolio for our lecturer to ensure that all of us have read and understand each topic before we enter the class for discussion. This blog will also help all students who are doing research as it outlines the core understanding in doing research. I hope, through this blog, we will learn from one another and benefits from this. Have fun everyone!